Continued work on the Roe-Jan

We continued our efforts on the Roe Jan on Tuesday, but we did not find any additional ammocoetes or any adult lampreys. We attempted to sample where lamprey have been found before but thunderstorms and tides made that impossible. However, we did sample upriver and did not find any more ammocoetes. In addition to ammocoetes we also collect other samples and data. Below is a picture of a kick sample preserved in alcohol.

Kick samples are exactly what they sound like. A sturdy net is placed along the stream bed and then the individual holding the net kicks and stamps materials just upstream of the net. Invertebrates kicked up or disturbed drift into the net and are captured there. Samples like these allow us to determine what invertebrates may be present, which gives us information on habitat quality and habitat types that maybe available. In addition, it helps to build our understanding of the community in which these organisms live. Although the sample looks like a mess of leaves and sand we then pick out the invertebrates and ID them to the lowest level possible (usually genus).

Determining the genus of an insect can take an exceedingly long time as there are many species in the Northeast alone. For instance, in North America there are ~650 dragonfly and damselfly species (~5,500 species worldwide) belonging to 12 genera, often distinguished by microscopic details. This is considered a very small group and relatively easy to differentiate. Other groups, like flies (with ~120,000 species worldwide), are so large keying an individual may take up to an hour or more.

How long will it take to key out the above individuals? Actually not long, both of these appear to be relatively common. The smaller is a badly damaged mayfly (Ephmeroptera) and the larger is likely a common stonefly (maybe Plecoptera:Perlidae:Agnetina) .

Roe-Jan

We are finally back out on the water after long delays from rain, travel, and rain again. This week we went to the Roeliff Jansen Kill to look for lamprey. The Roe-Jan (as it is affectionately known) is a cool water stream on the east shore of the Hudson, an hour south of Albany. It is unusual because it is one of the few cold water streams that enters the Hudson, and supports abundant trout fisheries. When we first arrived it was thundering loudly and rain was coming down. However, when the rain settled down we left the car and found out that the 17-year cicadas were out in force in the forest.

As soon as the rain stopped and the sun peeked through, the cicadas started singing again, LOUDLY. Felt like a late afternoon in August, not a Monday towards the end of June. They are beautifully colored with orange wings and bright red eyes. They were everywhere: flying from tree to tree, littering the ground, and flopping exhausted into the stream. We began our fieldwork shortly thereafter and just before nightfall we found this guy:

A sea lamprey ammocoete! Finally! An ammocoete is the larval stage of a sea lamprey. Like most other fish, lamprey have a larval stage which is quite different from the adult. However, unlike most fish lamprey larvae are the majority of the life cycle of the animal and spend their time buried in sediments in streams. Ammocoetes are often very rare (as any person who has looked for them can tell you) but they can be amazingly abundant (>100 animals per square meter). Although previous work has shown that lamprey are present in the Roe-Jan, this is the first record I know that comes from as far upriver as we found it.

We look forward to finding more lampreys this summer and will be sure to post more pictures as we do.

What are Migratory Fishes?

The work which I am conducting this summer is targeted at a migratory species (sea lamprey) on the eastern coast of North America. I will post more information on this fascinating fish in the future, but first we need to introduce a little jargon:

Diadromous fishes are any fish species that migrate between fresh and salt waters during the course of their life span. Often they migrate to find food and/or to breed.

However, scientists often use the words anadromous, catadromous, and amphidromous because these terms are applied to specific types of migratory patterns.

Anadromous species (of which the sea lamprey is one) lay eggs in freshwater, grow as larvae and juveniles there for some time, before returning to the ocean where the majority of their growth occurs. Note that ocean in this case can include any salt waters, from estuaries to open ocean. After growing in the oceans the adults return to spawn in freshwater. Some species are semelparous (meaning they only spawn once and then will die, as is the case with Pacific salmon), but iteroparous (species that spawn more than once) species are also common. Numerous species have individuals that maybe semelparous while others are iteroparous within the same population. In the Northeast we have many anadromous species including: American shad (Alosa sapidissima), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), striped bass (Morone saxatilis), Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus), sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) amongst others (see http://www.umaine.edu/searunfish/fish/diadromous.htm for more information and excellent sources).

Figure 1. Anadromous life cycle of a Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), a group of species native to the West Coast, but which demonstrates an identical life strategy to anadromous species on the East Coast. Image taken from http://www.marinwatersheds.org/salmonids.html.

Catadromous species lay their eggs in marine environments, the larvae drift or swim back to freshwater where they swim up rivers. They live in freshwater growing before ceasing to grow and returning to the ocean to spawn. After spawning all of the adults will die. In the Northeast we have only one species with this life history, the American eel (Anguilla rostrata). Click here to learn more about eels around the world from Nature.

Figure 2. Catadromous life cycle of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata). Eels around the world are under serious threat and  American eel is no different, you can read more about it at http://www.chesapeakebay.net/fieldguide/critter/american_eel. Image from http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/peaslee_alex/Anguilla_Japonica/Life_Cycle.html.

Amphidromous species have eggs laid in freshwater, migrate downstream to the ocean to grow, but then return to freshwater to continue growth. Once they are fully mature they will spawn (likely numerous times) in the rivers in which they reside. Note here the real difference between this and the other two prior strategies is that growth occurs both in the ocean and in freshwater. In the Northeast we have no amphidromous species, as this life history strategy is primarily limited to tropical and semitropical gobies.

Figure 3. Amphidromous life cycle, showing the days and approximate size for Sicydium punctatum, a Dominicana goby. Image take from Dr. Bell, http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~kbell/goby/Intro.html,see his webpage for further details.

The sea lamprey (the focus of my own research) is a semelparous anadromous species. However, unlike many anadromous species which spend more time in marine environments growing, sea lampreys spend the majority of their lives in freshwater growing very slowly as larvae (sometimes more than 17 years!) before entering the ocean and spending 1-3 years growing. They still do the majority of their growth in the ocean (>95%), even though they live for so long in freshwater.

Rained Out

Unfortunately the rain yesterday made water levels rise and sampling impossible in the Normans Kill where we wanted to go. Here's a picture of me looking forlornly at the Normans Kill, which the day before was no more than 65cm deep and easily wade-able. Whereas today I did not even bother to step off of the shore.

We went south and continued to survey streams to find locations we could sample in the future. We also stopped at the Vloman Kill where we ran into this species:

This is a banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus), which are common in the Hudson River. We found this one while searching the mud flats at the Vloman Kill where it was likely looking for invertebrates to eat.

First week out sampling

We searched in the Poesten Kill and the Normans Kill. We did not find any lamprey today, and we were delayed by rain, but we did find many American eels (Anguilla rostrata)!

We caught this one and quickly took its picture before releasing it.

After we arrived at the Normans Kill we found longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) and one more American eel (Anguilla rostrata).

Funding for Summer 2013

Stockport Creek

Funding from the Edna Bailey Sussman Foundation and the Hudson River Foundation has come through!
My wife and I are out looking for sea lamprey all over the Hudson River watershed. We also collect invertebrates and other data at each site.

So, if you are interested in lamprey, fish, or just beautiful views of the Hudson River stay tuned! We will post pictures, stories, and videos of the work from this summer.